In “Cities and City Gates,” Dr. Coornaraswamy states that the “City in Indian culture belongs to early Asiatic culture and cannot be regarded as either characteristically Aryan or as a recent development of Mauryan times.” The “epics and early Buddhist reliefs,” it is stated further. all suggest that in the Mauryan period no new developments came in but that there was mainly a continuation of a long established and ancient type of urban organization.